Reading Chapter Books for Children

As your children grow in their reading ability, transitioning from sounding out each word and following the sentences with their fingers to reading more quickly on their own, they will need to graduate to more complicated reading material. As they become stronger readers, children develop appetites for richer and more complex stories and can handle multiple characters. Chapter books are an important tool in their development and intellectual abilities. What Are Chapter Books? For young and new readers, books tend to be very short. They are made up of just words or a few short sentences. They are primarily very picture heavy and have a simple, linear story. Chapter books are the next stage for readers. Chapter books are stories that are long enough and complex enough to require chapters to break them up. At a young age, they are not too long; they are shorter than novels but longer than typical picture books. Chapter books often have illustrations, too, but they are not as large or as prevalent as early reading material. In general, children are ready to progress to chapter books around the age of seven or eight. Encouraging Active Readers For children who love to read, they will likely dive into chapter books without much hesitation. Providing them with an assortment of stories and types of books can increase their interest and keep them learning. Taking your child to the library and having him or her pick her own chapter books can be a great way to engage them in reading. As your children read chapter books, resist helping too much. If your child is an independent reader, he or she will likely want to learn on their own. But make sure they know they’re available if they have any questions. Helping Struggling Readers On the other hand, if your children are struggling with reading and resist transitioning to chapter books, you may have to have more of a presence. As reading becomes more difficult, children can become more resistant to it and it can become a chore. You can help by having your children pick books they’re interested in. Actively participate in reading with your child. You can take turns reading chapters to one another; that way, your children get to practice but also get a break while you read aloud. Hearing you and listening to the story can engage them and encourage them to read on their own to get to the next part. Popular Chapter Books To help your child make the transition to chapter books, compelling stories can help pique his or her interest. Popular chapter books include The Boxcar Children, Freckle Juice, Diary of a Wimpy Kid and the Amelia Bedelia series. You can also try different genres, such as adventure stories, animal-centric tales, and fantasy books. Transitioning to Chapter Books Making the switch to chapter books is a big step in your child’s education. With your support and engagement, you can help a lifelong love of reading that can help your child throughout his or her lifetime.

What Is The Blueprint For Success For An Organization How...

What is the blueprint for success for an organization? How does a corporation maintain accountability and display transparency and quality? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined in the financial times as a business approach that contributes to the sustainable development by delivering economic, social and environmental benefits for all stakeholders. There are many different concepts of CSR as well as practices. Depending on the business philosophy it can be implemented in various fashions. The goal of CSR is work toward a positive lasting change towards sustainability. Like financial controls and human resource management, corporate citizenship is integral to keep a business heavy. A company’s portfolio while in important†¦show more content†¦After seeing daily advertisements on the television or either a radio broadcast or via a mail advertisement. Everyday Citizens raise the question about business they patronize, that does a company’s claim of products and services results from usage really add to the worth of our existence, or do they produce adverse effects or contribute to the low-quality? And how are the profits gained distributed? Are the profits shared annually across the board with team members, mom and pop businesses via donations and partnerships and low and underserved neighborhoods offered part-time to full time employee opportunities? Charitable is another stage in CSR. â€Å"In the Age of Philanthropy is where a company supports various social and environmental causes through donations and sponsorships, typically administered through a Foundation, Trust or Chairman’s Fund and aimed at empowering community groups or civil society organizations.† Unfortunately many corporations do not give back to the community in which they do business in. Also in different cultures, CSR is viewed differently both on a cognitive and emotional level. The data is taken from surveys and marketing research conducted with corporations and other organizations. â€Å"Marketing researchers have progressively emphasized the influence on consumer

Entrepreneurship and Marketing Management

Question: The issue of linking the character traits of an individual to the success of a business picking winners needs to be approached with caution. Burns P (2011,pg 34) Entrepreneurship Small Business, Palgrave Macmillan 3rd edition Required - Select an entrepreneur and analyse their entrepreneurial journey, from the conception of the initial idea through to start-up growth. - Discuss, with examples, whether or not your analysis supports Burns assertion. - Based on your analysis, what do you personally conclude about creating a successful new venture and entrepreneurial success? Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurs play an important role in achieving success in respect to an organisation. An analysis of an entrepreneur indicates that he/she is a person that is responsible for the initiation of a new business idea or concept with a view to leverage the market opportunities as available. They are therefore known as founder of a business and with their own individual abilities and skills, they takes the business to a significantly higher level of growth and success (Svendsen, 1998). There are several entrepreneurs in the world history, but for the purpose of analysis in this report, the specific entrepreneur as selected is Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs is known as the founder of Apple Corporation which has been the most innovative company in the electronic industry (Dlabay, Burrow and Kleind, 2011). This report is therefore aimed at analysing the entrepreneurial journey of Steve Jobs beginning from the conception of new idea through to the start-up and growth. The analysis also indicates about the support of Burns assertion, and based on the entire analysis, my personal conclusion in creating a successful new venture and entrepreneurial success would be assessed. Entrepreneurial Journey of Steve Jobs As the entrepreneur as selected for analysis is Steve Jobs, an assessment of Steve Jobs profile of entrepreneurship is essential. Steve Jobs has been the great entrepreneur of his time and he is most popularly known as the founder of Apple Corporation. A biographical analysis of Steve Jobs indicates that Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, and he studied at Cupertino Junior High and at Homestead High Schools in California. Steve Jobs has interest in the technology during his early years and he has attended significant number of after school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company. The initial indication of entrepreneurship was evident in respect to Steve Jobs when in 1972 he joined at Reed College and the next year, he has joined calligraphy. However, an analysis of the educational background of Steve Jobs indicates that it was not convincing, as he was dropped out after attending a semester at Reed College (Kumar, 2011). This has resulted into the beginning of his entrepreneurship career whereby Steve Jobs in 1974 has joined Atari which has been a video game making company. However, within a period of two years, he has become the founder of a company known as Apple whereby he and Steve Wozniak formed Apple Computer in 1976. The firms major innovation as introduced by them is mainly the Apple Computer and followed by this is the launch of Apple Computer II which has been the first computer that has generated colour graphics. The development of such Apple Company was the conception of initial idea by Steve Jobs. This was the beginning of a new era in the computing industry, and there were severe level of introduction of newer innovation and products in the computing industry being performed by Steve Jobs. On January 24, 1984, Macintosh was introduced by Steve Jobs for the first time in the market, and this has been placed in the market for sale commercially for the first time (Elliot, 2012). However, clashes with John Sculley have resulted into Jobs quitting the Apple Corporation. Steve Jobs then founded NeXT Computer in 1985 and in 1986, Jobs bought the Graphics Group which he named as Pixar. Till 1993, Jobs was accounted for selling more than 50000 NeXT machines. However, Apple was facing significant losses by that time and in 1933, it was identified that Apple lost around $188 million. The company failed to compete with IBM and other such computer selling companies and this has resulted into the resignation of John Sculley. As a result, in 1996, Apple has purchased NeXT and Steve Jobs was appointed as advisor in the company. Within a period of 2 years, Jobs was awarded the position of CEO and since that, a loss making company has started making profits. This show the entrepreneurship abilities of Steve Jobs whereby his efforts have revolutionised a loss making company into a profit making company (Kumar, 2011). By 2000, iMac computers as introduced by Steve Jobs have been highly successful, and thereafter, the career of Steve Jobs is marked with sufficient level of introduction of innovative products. As for example, in 2001, Steve Jobs was known for introducing iPod and releases iTunes software. The financial year 2003 witnessed the launch of iTunes Music Store, and the year 2007 saw the introduction of first iPhone. During this period, Steve Jobs suffered from pancreatic cancer and he was diagnosed but his health conditions deterred further. By 2010, Apple was known for selling over 15 million iPads, and as on March 2011, there were 108 million iPhones that have been sold worldwide. Steve Job during his career has made the introduction of many innovative products including iPads, Apple laptops i.e. iMac, and there has been a series of iPhones being introduced with upgrade version to offer something innovative to the buyers. However, in 2011, he suffered from health conditions, and he died in the same year (Kumar, 2011). Overall, the analysis above indicated the journey of a highly successful entrepreneur. The entrepreneurship abilities of Steve Jobs have resulted into the development of such an innovative company known as Apple Corporation. Hickman (2005) indicates that successful entrepreneur posses certain special characteristics such as creativity, ability to innovate, imagination and inventiveness. An analysis of the entrepreneurial journey of Steve Jobs indicated that these key characteristics are possessed by him which enabled him in introducing such highly innovative products. Inventiveness ideas are identified as cornerstone by Brown (2009) in becoming a successful entrepreneur, and the career of Steve Jobs is the best example of such inventiveness as he has introduced large number of inventions during his entrepreneurial career that led Apple being recognised as highly innovative company. As suggested by Richardson (2007), most of the entrepreneur takes time and effort in becoming successfu l entrepreneur, and they do series of inventions in leading organisations to success. The entrepreneurial abilities of Steve Jobs also reflected the same which become the potential factor behind his success entrepreneurial career (DeGeeter, 2004). Analysis Supporting Burns Assertion An analysis of Burns assertion indicates that The issue of linking the character traits of an individual to the success of a business picking winners needs to be approached with caution. (Burns, 2010). This assertion by Burns suggests that the success or failure of businesses depends on a mix of many things, and the character trait of manager has become a most significant factor. It is essential that the character trait of individual should be linked with the business success, and it should be considered with higher level of caution. An analysis of the case of Steve Jobs as performed above indicates that this particular assertion by Burns has been positively supported in his case. This is mainly because the personal trait of Steve Jobs indicated that he was highly innovative and creative, and these specific factors are required for a business like Apple to efficiently succeed and outperform its competitors. Another major example of such higher importance of trait in becoming a succ essful entrepreneur in the above case of Apple is that John Sculley who was allowed to manage Apple Corporation was not able to successfully lead the organisation. However, the same organisation under the leadership of Steve Jobs was able to achieve higher success level and become one of the most dominant companies in the electronic industry. This suggests that the role and importance of entrepreneurial abilities is crucial, and it is essential to pick winners in order to ensure the positive attainment of success in the business (Covin and Slevin, 1991). Personal Conclusion on Creating a Successful Venture and Entrepreneurial Success On the basis of entire analysis as carried out regarding the entrepreneurial abilities of Steve Jobs, my personal conclusion in creating a successful venture is that the entrepreneur must possess certain extra features which distinguish him/her from others. The ability to lead the organisation and bringing newer ideas, supporting them positively, taking higher level of risks etc are crucial attributes that must be applied by the entrepreneur in leading an organisation to higher success levels. It is highly difficult to perform the creation of a successful venture, and in this regard, the entrepreneur needs to be extra ordinary and make use of his/her abilities in revolutionising the industry as did by Steve Jobs. Thus, successful entrepreneurs are different from others, and they have the potential of leading the organisation to higher success levels. Conclusion In this report, a critical analysis has been carried out with respect to the entrepreneurial abilities of Steve Jobs. The initial beginning of his career has been assessed critically which showed a series of introduction of newer products and services by the company. The character trait of Steve Jobs has been highly significant and they became the determining factors for the growth and success of the entire company. On the basis of analysis, it has been evaluated that the assertion of Burns is positively supported by the entrepreneurial abilities of Steve Jobs, and my personal conclusion also reflected that a successful entrepreneur has ability to innovate and succeed in their life. References Burns P (2011). Entrepreneurship Small Business, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan. Brown, J. G. (2009). So You Want To Be An Entrepreneur: How to Decide If Starting a Business is Really for You. John Wiley and Sons. Covin, J. G. and Slevin, D. P. (1991). A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behaviour. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 16(1), pp: 7 25. DeGeeter, M. J. (2004). Technology commercialization manual: strategy, tactics, and economics for business success. Med-Launch, Inc. Dlabay, L., Burrow, J. and Kleind, B. (2011). Principles of Business. 8th ed., Cengage Learning. Elliot, J. (2012). Leading Apple With Steve Jobs: Management Lessons From a Controversial Genius. John Wiley Sons. Hickman, R. (2005). Why we make art and why it is taught. Intellect Books. Kumar, M. (2011). Steve Jobs, The Life Journey [Online]. Available at: https://www.successstories.co.in/steve-jobs-the-life-journey/ [Accessed: 20 March 2015]. Richardson, C. (2007). Growth Company Guide 4.0. Lulu.com. Svendsen, A. (1998). The Stakeholder Strategy: Profiting from Collaborative Business Relationships. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Importance of Research In School Society And Teacher Essay Sample free essay sample

Research is of import because it allows us to measure and reexamine the quality of schools and instruction. It allows us to for betterment and policy alteration. It is aid to happen how research affects in your community. It is presents more information for scrutiny. This is allow us for betterments based on better information and survey. Education research is a field of enquiry aimed at progressing cognition of instruction and acquisition procedures and development of the tools and methods necessary to back up this enterprise. The consolidative intent for instruction research is to construct cumulative and sound cognition about human and societal procedure of cardinal significance to persons. to groups. and to the larger society. Research in Islam ; All faiths fundamentally exhort human race to be righteous and eschew immorality. But Islam goes beyond that. It guides us towards practical ways of accomplishing righteousness and extinguishing immorality from our single and corporate lives. The Importance of Conducting Research in Educational Setting ; Human beings behavior research every twenty-four hours. They do so in many different ways and in many different scenes. One of import country is instruction. Conducting research in an educational scene should be an of import facet of every educator’s professional life. Best and Kahn ( 1993 ) describe research asâ€Å"The systematic and nonsubjective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may take to the development of generalisations. rules. or theories. ensuing in anticipation and perchance ultimate control of events† Education in a research scene is done to better school patterns and at the same clip to better those persons who strive to better those patterns ( Best A ; Kahn. 1993 ) . The importance of impartial research to better instruction criterions and the quality of learning. I think research is an of import constituent of instruction surveies and instructor development Research is non ever a construct that practicians. directors and policy shapers respect. Too frequently it is seen as an academic activity conducted by others – to the profession. non with the profession. But I believe it should be respected. In fact I’d say instruction professionals are ever larning. happening out things. analysing information. accommodating their behaviour harmonizing to information received. looking to better and accommodating to modern demands. All of this constitutes research – whether professionals want to name it that or non. Let’s briefly imagine the universe of instruction without research: * On what would the acquisition and learning experience be based without underpinning research? If instruction is non based upon research and grounds. so it runs the hazard of being based upon one or more of the followers: * Dogma * Theory* Convenience* PrejudiceEducation is a political football and can be used for propaganda and political intents. I believe that there is a moral dimension to the profession – and to follow tenet blindly is incorrect. Education should function to emancipate. and promote democracy and equality of chance. Given that we have all been to school. we all have positions on how and what we were taught. The problem is that we were taught in an age gone by – new theories and technological progresss have taken. and are taking. topographic point. Establishing our pattern entirely on our ain acquisition experiences. without contemplation. average instruction runs the hazard of being outdated and non being advanced. Convenience and manageableness are of import. but the inquiry is whose ‘convenience’ ? Teachers can busy and even command students. every bit good as entertain them. But we have to inquire if ‘learning’ takes topographic point. Learning new things and new ways of behaving can be uncomfortable. It is non plenty to establish instruction and larning about convenience Research enables all of the above to be challenged. Establishing determinations upon grounds is morally sound. Research can assist instructors to understand what works and why. what the short and long-run deductions are. supply a justification and principle for determinations and actions. aid to construct a repertory to assist cover with the unexpected. place jobs. inform betterment and so forth. Researches benefit the practician:Practitioners have to follow to policy. but that does non intend following a prescribed expression. Teachers can accommodate it to suit the single demands of their ain students. But instructors are accountable. The public must hold faith in the profession – and attitudes to education vary across many societal groups – so the public presentation of instructors can be demonstrated through the publication of research findings. Teachers project their ain personality upon larning experiences. Sometimes this is intuitive and these determinations can either be successful or fail. Research methodologies give instructors the tools to analyze and do informed determinations about their pattern. Research helps instructors to portion with co-workers. Too frequently research looks backwards and there are lessons to larn. Research should be future oriented and designed to profit scholars instead than the research workers themselves. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN TEACHING Marion MacLean and Marian Mohr ( 1999 ) explain that the term teacher-researcher is an of import term to them because it has redefined their functions as instructors. Teachers are subjective insiders involved in schoolroom direction as they go about their day-to-day modus operandis of teaching pupils. rating documents. taking attending. measuring their public presentation every bit good as looking at the course of study. Traditional educational research workers who develop inquiries and design surveies around those inquiries and behavior research within the schools are considered nonsubjective outside perceivers of schoolroom interaction. But when instructors become teacher-researchers. the â€Å"traditional descriptions of both instructors and research workers change. Teacher-researchers raise inquiries about what they think and observe about their instruction and their students’ larning. They collect pupil work in order to measure public p resentation. but they besides see student work as informations to analyse in order to analyze the instruction and acquisition that produced it† The Importance of Teacher Research to the Classroom Teacher Why is Teacher Research of import to me? Many instructors already overburdened with course of study demands. answerability demands. and all the daily force per unit areas of maintaining a schoolroom running wonder why they should take on one more thing. To them. I can truthfully state. Teacher Research is non an add-on ; it is a manner of being! When you look at your schoolroom from a stance of â€Å"How can I make teaching/learning better? † you are taking a Teacher Researcher stance. Teacher Research is non something done TO us ; it is something done BY us. The end of Teacher Research is to set â€Å"Best Practices† about teaching/learning into existent pattern in your schoolroom. And the individual who does that is you. the schoolroom instructor. My first experience with Teacher Research occurred seven old ages ago. A co-worker and I conducted research about how multiple intelligences theory could impact pupil larning. We saw effects far beyond those we had read approximately. That research affected me so d eeply that I now organize my schoolroom within a multiple intelligences model. My schoolroom centres are related to the different intelligences. I teach kids to value and esteem the â€Å"different sorts of smart. † and I invite kids into the schoolroom community of scholars by â€Å"opening windows† ( Gardner ) to their strengths and involvements. Two old ages subsequently. I changed the manner I organized my authorship and art centres to reflect a doctrine of â€Å"communicating in one hundred languages† ( Reggio Emilia. Italy ) . I discovered that kids are capable of pass oning emerging apprehensions in many more ways than merely via pencil/paper. Again. the â€Å"Communication Center† is now a major portion of my schoolroom. This past twelvemonth. I conducted a year-long research undertaking on the relationship between drama and acquisition. The turns and bends of my research journey opened many doors for my pupils and me. The enriched schoolroom environment that resulted would non hold occurred without the research stance. inquiry. and journey. Teacher Research empowers instructors to do a positive difference in footings of schoolroom pattern ; it enables us to supply relevant information about instruction and acquisition in existent schoolrooms. Most significantly. by prosecuting in brooding pattern. the Teacher Researcher improves the lives of pupils by ever seeking to detect better. more effectual ways of implementing teaching/learning IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN SCHOOLS The Importance Of Research IN Study:Research is of import when conducted right because it helps us to understand and perchance even work out bing or possible jobs in the universe. This could be anything from societal issues to medical discoveries. Governments carry out research all of the clip in order to come to decisions about policies and schemes. They will frequently take experts in the peculiar field to travel out and transport out in-depth research to assist them out. Without this research and cognition. it would be hard to do a alteration in the universe. It would besides intend that alterations wouldn’t be to the full considered which could ensue in bigger jobs in the long tally. If a job is apparent. for illustration gun offense. it is indispensable to understand what has caused the job and why people continue to take portion in such illegal activity even though they know it is basically incorrect. Research will take to reply these inquiries so that informed determina tions can be made about what schemes will assist. The Importance Of Research In Our Daily Life: We all carry out research on a regular basis. though we don’t ever know that this is what we are making. Particularly now with the cyberspace. most of us look up different merchandises. vacation options etc every twenty-four hours – we research most things before we buy them or fall in them or whatever. We besides look up information – for illustration. you hear about a intelligence point on the wireless and so look it up to happen out more.

A report on transport layer security (TLS) and secure shell (SSH) The WritePass Journal

A report on transport layer security (TLS) and secure shell (SSH) Introduction A report on transport layer security (TLS) and secure shell (SSH) IntroductionAn Overview of the ProtocolsSimilarities and DifferencesSSH Advantages and DisadvantagesTLS Advantages and DisadvantagesExamplesReferencesRelated Introduction Transport Layer Security (TLS) vs. Secure Shell (SSH) – A battle for security. In this modern time, individuals, businesses and organizations worry about security on a regular basis, be it online or offline, over a network computer or just with a personal computer. Security of a computer connected to the internet and within a network is very essential as people need to protect their information and data from unwanted or unauthorised access. My task here is to look into two most widely used security protocols on the internet network, these protocols are Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Shell (SSH). I will be comparing these two protocols, looking into their similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages and giving related examples where necessary. An Overview of the Protocols First and foremost what is TLS?   It is the replacement for secure socket layer (SSL) and it is a protocol that makes sure that there is privacy between a communicating application and its users on the internet.   TLS offers an end point authentications and communications privacy over the internet using encryptions. For instance, if a server and a client communicate, TLS makes sure that no one without the right authority can listen, intrude or forge any messages between them. TLS has two layers, the TLS record protocol and the TLS handshake protocol. The TLS Record Protocol is at a lower level where it is placed on top of some reliable transport protocol as Transport Control Protocol (TCP). This is needed in other to send messages in two directions, forward and backward and it also has a security property that is used to establish a reliable and private connection. The record protocol is then responsible for changing position of data between two ends of the link using the values agreed through the handshake protocol. The information that then come from the application to the TLS record protocol, are compressed and encrypted as required before they are sent to the other end. And if the other end is valid, the information is then uncompressed and decrypted before delivery. The TLS handshake protocol also uses the record protocol to send its messages during the hand shake stage. There are additional offers that are commonly overlooked which are provided by TLS, integrity guarantees and replay prevention. TLS streams communication have inbuilt controls to prevent tampering with any portion of its encrypted data. And there are other inbuilt controls to stop captured streams of TLS information from being replayed at other times. On the other hand, SSH is a protocol that determines the performance of a secure communication over a network. This has been used to replace telnet, rsh, rlogin for insecurity. Prior to any transfer taking place, the SSH client and server must first establish a secure connection. This will then allow them to share private information between each other. The SSH protocol is responsible for authentication, encryption, and the way data is transmitted over a network. â€Å"The encryption used by SSH is intended to provide confidentiality and integrity of data over an unsecured network, such as the Internet. There are two types of versions for the SSH, the first is SSH1 and the second is SSH2. Although, these two protocols are different. The SSH1 is the original protocol and it has its own shortfalls, so it is not normally recommended or in use today.   But SSH2 is the common of the two SSH protocols and is commonly used today as it is more secure and efficient than SSH1.   The SSh1 uses server and host keys to verify the networks while SSH2 uses just the host keys to verify the networks and even more, they are not compatible with each other. SSH works in the following way When a client contacts a server, they disclose the SSH protocol versions that they support. Then, they switch to a packet based protocol. When the server identifies itself to the client and provides session parameters, the client then sends the server a secret key. Both sides turn on encryption and complete server authentication. Then, a secure connection is created. Similarities and Differences Similarities In terms of similarities, one can say they provide the same level of security within any giving scenario. They both make sure that information passed about over the internet is protected with dependable encryption.   They can also make sure that the server a user connects to is the right one. The two protocols provide 128-256 bit encryption. Differences In respect to their similarities, they do have some differences as well. Most obvious is the fact that SSH uses username and password to authenticate its users which is inbuilt. While TLS â€Å"authentication is left up to the daemon receiving the connections† SSH is at the top of the model at the application layer while, TLS is able to offer security at the transport layer. SSH is connection oriented which use TCP only, and it is primarily used for shell based solutions. SSH offers number of client authentication options, TLS only uses the public key option. There are SSH components such as its connection protocol SSH-CONN. SSH-CONN provides multiple logical data channels to the applications using SSH-TRANS which TLS does not have. SSH Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages It is reliable, it is available free and also in commercial versions It never trusts the network If the network is experiencing a hostile takeover, it will only disconnect the SSH, but any decryption or connection take over is impossible. It is possible to tunnel TCP based applications through SSH, e.g., email protocols. For system administrators, SSH is a popular remote administration platform. Although, the server runs on UNIX, Linux and VMS, SSH clients can run on most platforms. â€Å"Many authentication methods including Kerberos, TIS, SecurID and RSA.Can be SOCKS5 proxy aware† Disadvantages SSH is not designed to be added into network gateways such as routers or firewalls. Performance for SSH can be a problem on old machines. Its port range and dynamic ports cannot be forwarded. A client on the Internet that uses SSH to access the Intranet can expose the Intranet by port forwarding. When a user authenticates themself on a server, it is always sent in clear text TLS Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages TLS is easy to use. Probably the most used security on the internet. TLS do not need any Operating system support. When messages are exchanged over the Internet, they are checked while transmitting from one computer to another. This feature offers reliability of the web based communication. TLS protocol stops unauthorized user access from interfering as a third party in the middle of a communication on the Internet. The third party will only take part in the communication when it has been noticed by two authorized users TLS is in use by most web browsers It is widely recognized as the secure HTTP (HTTPS) Protocol Disadvantages TLS often mistake firewalls as man in the middle attack. It is exposed to clogging over TCP Security Weakness Examples TLS can be used in many applications; client/server applications but it has mostly been used with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol â€Å"HTTP† for security. This allows it to offer an encrypted conversation and to securely identify a network web server. The added security it offers allows HTTPS to be used for all level of transaction over the internet world wide. Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions SMIME when combined TLS can be used to secure IETF VoIP signalling. TLS can also be used in these following applications: PKIX, LDAP, BEEP, SASL, L2TP, SMTP, IMAP, and POP3. An example can be seen below with my home web browsers. I have two screenshots from Internet Explorer and Firefox web browsers. Internet Explorer 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Firefox version 3.6.15 SSH can also be used in some applications as well. SSH do have some features such as port forwarding and secure tunnelling. Port forwarding can tell the SSH daemon to listen to information conversations on a particular port and forward this conversation to an encrypted SSH session. This allows protectection for other services as well. Summary there are no magical solution for web, but good enough protocols, the real deal is that there is no better protocol,   they all have their benefits. In order to decide which one to use, one really need to understand what one is trying to secure. References I have been able to obtain and generate ideas from the following sources Books Mark Minasi, Christa Anderson, Michele Beveridge, C.A. Callahan Mastering Windows Server 2003, copyright, 2003 Sybex Inc O’Reilley. Daniel J Barrett, Richard E Silverman and Robert G Byrnes SSH, the secure shell, the definitive Guide, copyright, 2005 William Stallings. 2006 Fourth Edition Cryptography and Network Security Bill Ferguson (Sybex) Network + Fast Pass, copyright 2005 IBM TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview December 2006 Internet Research Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell#Definition Last modified on 16 March 2011 at 10:48 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell#Definition Last modified on 16 March 2011 at 13:11

Change Management Plan

Change Management Plan Free Online Research Papers Achieving organizational change is one of the greatest challenges for any business leaders. Maintaining a successful organization takes time, effort, and determination. Once an organization achieves success, sustaining the success becomes a moving force. Crys Tel telecommunications, the company used in the Simulation needs to create a change management plan to keep up with the constant changes to compete with other telecommunication industry. This paper will attempt to cover the major implications of the change at Crys Tel, including any human behavior involvement; select a suitable change model for Crys Tel telecommunications. Components of the plan will tackle human characteristics and possible resistances to change to include contingency approaches for dealing with any resistance. Next, implement the right leadership style will be successful at Crys Tel telecommunications. Implement an administration and leadership practice that will add to the continuing accomplishment of the change and propose measures to monitor the progress of the change at Crys Tel. Last, evaluate three future leadership challenges that Crys Tel may face in the next five to ten years. According to the employee satisfaction and climate survey, the marketing department at Crys Tel telecommunication is facing employee and senior communication issues; does not provide mentoring activities to train less experienced employees who were affecting the company performance. The Sales and Delivery department does not follow a participative leadership style; does not have a history of taking risks, and does not proactively resolve conflicts. To influence change and improve performance, senior executive must find activities that will help these departments transform their weaknesses into strengths (University of Phoenix, 2010). A successful organization requires management dedication, and implementation plan, and buy-in from all employees (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003). These changes include encouraging team members to make decisions, assign mentors, encouraging ongoing communication and develop a conflict resolution system to address team dynamics. Understanding the potential implications of change within an organization is essential to managing any change proposal. While bringing about important changes in any organization entail a diligent effort on all the liable parties involved. The greatest barrier to change is resistant to change; dealing with and managing this resistance is the key to successfully implementing the change proposal. Anytime a change is encourage within a company and employees are reassign, promoted, or reassigned, cultural, and group dynamics alter are thrown into disequilibrium (Krietner Kinicki, 2003). Unintended cultural shifts within the organization should be used to strengthen the individual commitment to change. The most significant approach for Crys Tel to implement in managing resistance to change is to diminish and remove any forces of change. Communicating change entails promoting the benefits of the proposal to the employees within the organization. In an article titled â€Å"Managing resistance to change,† Philip Atkinson addressed handling objections through persuasive communication: Selecting a model for change Crys Tel Communication had the task of implementing change within the company to enhance contribution, encourage innovation, and improve communication within and between their departments. CrysTel telecommunication understands to remain competitive; the company must understand and be ready to respond to forces of change. â€Å"Organizations come across many diverse forces of change and these forces come from outside sources the organization and from inside sources† (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, p. 673). Change is an ongoing factor for all companies. With rapid and frequent advances in the telecommunications industry, Crys Tel is likely to face technological changes regularly (University of Phoenix, 2010). â€Å"Forces of change can come from either internal sources such as human resource problems or managerial behavior and decisions or external sources such as demographic characteristics, technology advancements, market changes and social and political pressures† (Kretiner Kinicki, 2003, p. 674-675). Crys Tel has to deal with internal and external forces. Crys Tel telecommunication is preparing to launch a combination of emerging telecommunications technologies to increase its products contributions to keep up with the changing demands of the market. Technological progress is made quickly in the telecommunications industry and Crys Tel has to stay focus on the forces of changes but also look at the target elements of change. â€Å"Target elements of change represent components of an organization that may be changed; change can be directed at realigning arrangements, social factors, methods, goals, and people† (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, p. 680). CrysTel telecommunication is in the course of restructuring their departments so they will be in a better position to support their company so they will be able to increase company’s current spot in the telecommunication industry. Recent employee satisfaction and climate surveys were used to identify target elements of change. The sales and delivery and marketing department face logistical and internal challenges that could have a negative outcome on the organization. These surveys revealed that Crys Tel has a large risk of resistance to change in the Sales and Marketing departments and several target of elements of change were also identified. The behavior parameter that was identifying in the survey showed what areas the departments were strong in and what areas need improvement. This information will be used to change the weaknesses into strengths in the Marketing and Sales and Delivery departments. Crys Tel is a telecommunication company that must keep up with the newest technological advances if they want to stay competitive and be able to make changes quickly. This means each department must be able to execute its function well individually and collectively as one organization. Crys Tel telecommunications should have a business philosophy that states that each department should be working together to work toward a common goal that will offer support for the individual departments and that each department has the necessary tools and information it needs to be successful. An appropriate change model for Crys Tel telecommunications would be the Lewin’s Change Model. The Lewin’s Change model consists of a three-stage plan to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. The stages used in this model are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, p. 677). The primary emphasis of the first stage is to create motivation to change by encouraging the individual to change old behaviors and mind-set with those preferred by management (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, p. 678). Benchmarking lets the company compare itself to other companies and study what techniques have worked best for them. Benchmarking is a technique that Crys Tel can used to accomplish this change. The employee and climate survey identified specific weaknesses in the sales and delivery and marketing departments was management, but the technology departments and human resources showed areas of major strengths. Crys Tel could benchmark the leadership practices of the stronger departments and use related techniques within the weaker departments to increase th e needed changes. The next stage in the model changing that involves learning, employees learn from new information given in a new way of looking at something. Using the benchmarking from stage one, would allow the employees to see directly how successful leaders operate within their own company and receive advice on a regular basis from their peers. This outlook will encourage the sales and delivery and marketing department’s leaders to learn the required concepts to maintain the change process, even when the team experiences resistance. The last stage of the Lewin’ Change Model is Refreezing. The change behavior and attitudes are incorporate during this stage and employees have the chance to exhibit the change behavior and attitudes that follow by positive reinforcement. Additional coaching and modeling can be used to reinforce the desire change (Kreitner-Kinicki, 2003, p. 679). The Lewin’s Change Model is an outline of organizational development that the Crys Tel leadership has used to implement change. One of the techniques used was employee surveys. Another technique used was to initiate activities that would help the Marketing and Sales and Delivery departments change their weakness into strengths. â€Å"Organizational development constitutes a set of procedures or interventions used to implement organizational change† (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, 682). The plan should address human variables and possible resistance to change. Change is an issue for companies in all industries. Crys Tel telecommunications must accept change and develop contingency plans to handle resistance to change. In an organization a number of changes with the leader and sometimes hurried by shareholders, clients or the needs and personality of the person in charge. Effective and ineffective methods to implementing change, depends on the organizational culture, leaders, and client base (Singel, 2005). Prior to managing resistance to change, Crys Tel telecommunications leadership must first identify why employees resist change. This information will give them a better understanding of why employees act the way they do and will help the leadership to work with individuals employees. A number of reasons people resist change is fear of the unknown or that something may go wrong. Employees fear not being able to implement the change or take part in the change after implementation. Some employees do not see the need to change or may be comfortable and do not want to change. Employees who resist change do not see how they will benefit from the change until it is put into practice. The approach used to manage resistance to change should be based on the organizational structure, culture, power structures, and politics found at Crys Tel telecommunications. Leaders can use different approaches to implement change; one is let the employees know how the change will work for them. Leadership should inform all employees the reason for the changes are being made. A thorough plan that explains to the employees is another strategy that can be used by Crys Tel telecommunication. Crys Tel telecommunication can also set up training to help the employees to learn and understand what is needed to implement the change and be able to ask questions concerning the change. Leadership should be open to suggestions and be available to assist the employees through the change process. Involvement by Crys Tel leadership could help motivate the employees to help with the chan ge process instead of resisting. Successfully selecting the appropriate leadership style that will have the greatest outcome on Crys Tel organizations, the appropriate leadership style will be conventional to a situation or event that can also entail the employment of more than one leadership style at the same time. Three styles of leadership include transformational, charismatic, and transactional. â€Å"Transactional leadership assist companies to accomplish the current goals more proficiently, like connecting job performance to valued rewards and making sure that employees have the resources needed to get the job done† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 428). Charismatic leadership uses a person’s personality to influence employees. Leaders who possess this style usually are friendly and inspiring. â€Å"Transformational leadership is a leadership perception that clarify how leaders change teams or organizations by developing, corresponding, and planning a vision for the organization or work unit, a nd encouraging employees to strive for that vision† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 428). Crys Tel must decide which of the three leadership styles to use in the event that the organization decides to implement a major change. Although it would be good to have a combination of all three styles, but the only style that would be most effective in ensuring the success of the change is transformational leadership style. This style would be more beneficial because it gives the employees something to work toward. This style helps give direction to each of the departments. Transactional leadership would not have as much of an affect because the work procedures of the company are not current issues. Charismatic leadership can win employees over but it takes more than personality to the job. The Sales and Delivery and Marketing Departments at Crys Tel have experienced high employee turnover and job dissatisfaction. Crys Tel should think about establishing a program that will encourage employees to set goals, both personal and professional, and set up a reward system for the reaching the goals. Crys Tel telecommunications need to develop an approach to handle the different departments in the organization. Leadership should encourage and encourage all employees to help increase team viability. â€Å"Team viability is defined as the team member satisfaction and continued willingness to contribute† (Kreitner Kinicki, 2003, 451). Every leader has at least one follower. The present leadership industry is develop on the intention that leaders matter a great deal and followers hardly at all (Kellerman, 2007). Emotional labor should be used with each strategy, emotional labor is the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions d uring interpersonal transactions (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 126). Measures to Monitor Change Some measures that can be apply to monitor change at Crys Tel telecommunication; feedback is one measure that can be used to monitor progress at Crys Tel telecommunications. Feedback should come from every employee particularly those impacted by the change. These are the employees who should be capable of telling the leadership if the changes are working and what other areas need improvement. Follow-up is another measure than can be used to monitor the progress of the change. Follow-up would permit management at Crys Tel to see if the change model is working. A third measure that can be use is surveys. Surveys are a good way to receive feedback because employee surveys are employee’s insight and suggestions for improvement and provide the organization with valuable information that can be very helpful to increase satisfaction in the workplace and it also let you know how well the change is working. Future leadership challenges that Crys Tel may face in the next five to ten years deal with change. Changes in leadership are a potential challenge that can happen at any level along with administrative changes. This includes changes in the mission and values and the culture at Crys Tel telecommunications. Another challenge that leaders will face is trying to inspire and motivate their peers and subordinates. A third challenge Crys Tel will face understands culture differences in society and the impact on their employees. This diversity range from gender to race to age to nationality and language; the changing nature of the workforce include people from such diverse backgrounds will require and understanding of cultural differences to better understand and motivate both subordinates and peers. The last challenge Crys Tel will face is keeping a cohesive environment in which everyone is working toward the same goals and objectives. To create a cohesive environment, you must cre ate a buy-in; get the individuals to buy-in; create ownership by asking them suggestions on projects. A cohesive environment increases productivity; improve the organizations bottom-line and improves employee’s morale. Conflict happens in all companies. Conflict creates a challenge in which Crys Tel must take a hands-on approach toward resolving probable issues through conflict management. â€Å"Conflict management is the interventions that change the level, and form of conflict in a way that make the most of its benefits and minimize its dysfunctional consequences† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 390). The first step would be for the leadership to determine in which conflict started. The six sources of conflict are communication problems, incompatible goals, different values and beliefs, task interdependence, scare resources and ambiguous rules (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 391). With this data, the leadership at Crys Tel can use this information to develop conflict management techniques. Some conflict management techniques can be used to improve performance at Crys Tel telecommunication. The method for Crys Tel to use when faced with conflict is to attempt for a win-win situation wit h employees. â€Å"Win-win orientation is the belief that the parties will find mutually beneficial solution to their disagreement† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, 394). This method generally causes a boost in employee morale that in turn improves performance. Additional methods to manage conflict include negotiation, avoiding, forcing, yielding, and compromising (McShane and Von Glinow, 2004, p. 396). The method that is used should be based on the type of conflict and the employees involved. The most possible resolution to conflict management would be problem solving. Using a successful current-oriented problem solving and solution development approach allow a leader to identify the right problem, decide upon a wise solution, and avoid many of the derailers of leadership. This approach incorporates objective and intuitive factors (University of Phoenix, 2007). Risk management and follow-up are also need as a part of this process. Conclusion Crys Tel must be ready to implement changes quickly to remain competitive. Major implications of the change at Crys Tel including human behavior implications were identified. Lewin’s Change Model was the appropriate change model selected for Crys Tel communications. The Lewin’s Change Model explains how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process (Kreitner Kinicki, 2004, p. 677). A plan that concentrates on human variables and possible resistance to change that was developed to include contingency approaches for manage any resistance. Transformational leadership was the suitable leadership style for effectively implementing the change at Crys Tel telecommunications. Some management and leadership practices that will help add to the accomplishment of the changes recommended included empowering employees, goal-setting and establishing a reward system. Measures to monitor the improvement of the change at Crys Tel telecommunications were feedback, surveys, and follow-up. Three future leadership challenges that Crys Tel telecommunications may face in the next five to ten years were analyzed included leadership, culture, mission, values, and conflict. Crys Tel telecommunications has a great deal to gain by implementing a successful change model. Reference Kellerman, B. (2007). What Every Leader Needs to Know About Followers. Retrieved January 26, 2010 from EBSCOhost database Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2004). Organizational Behavior: Group Social Process. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. McShane, S., Von Glinow, M. (2004). Organizational Behavior. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Singel, J. (2005). Changing is inevitable. Retrieved January 26, 2010 from EBSCOhost database University of Phoenix. (2004). Building a Culture for Sustaining Change [Simulation]. Retrieved January 26, 2010 from University of Phoenix, rEsource, MMPBL520-Transformational Leadership Website. University of Phoenix. (2009). Problem Solving Based Scenarios: An Approach to Identify Opportunities to Create Value for the Business. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from https://www.mycampus.phoenix.edu Research Papers on Change Management PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Essay

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - Essay Example For those that do, OSHA enforces workplace standards, regulations, and subsequently conducts inspections in relation to chemical exposure, injury vulnerability, safety procedures, protective gear requirements, and certain information availability to employees (Reese and James 71). Workplaces that do not fall under the jurisdiction of OSHA are regulated by other relevant agencies. Most importantly, violation of OSHA regulations attracts fines and/or jail time based on the safety and health provisions violated. Over the last four decades, OSHA has had to deal with many different criticisms that cut across the administration’s operations. One of the most criticized areas of OSHA’s activities is the ever-rising number of inspections in workplaces that fall under its jurisdiction. The number of inspections has kept rising, but the outcomes of such inspections have had little positive results to show. The idea of inspections failing to reflect improved results in workplaces often spur controversy over the effectiveness and efficiency of the agency. Accompanying the inspection criticism is the argument that follow up practices are lacking in OSHA’s system of executing its mandate. In this respect, many workplaces change little, if any, aspects of OSHA’s concerns. In the same regard, majority of workplaces correct their safety and health practices only in anticipation of inspection. Once these inspections are undertaken, employees could end up facing working conditions that are unsafe and unfit for their health for years. Even as OSHA strives to be as effective and efficient as possible, the workload of its mandate is simply overwhelming. (Mayer 145) contends that it would take the administration over one hundred years to inspect and ensure regulatory compliance in all workplaces that fall under OSHA’s jurisdiction. What this shows is that OSHA will hardly account

Kenworth Motors Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Kenworth Motors Managment - Essay Example According to the discussion, Kenworth Motors is producers of trucking and other automobile products with its trucking manufacturing unit as its major and most important business unit. It is the leading manufacturer of heavy duty and medium duty trucks since 1923 and is dominating the market through its large network of dealers spread all over the country as well as in Canada. This large network not only offers the final product of the company but also offer parts and after sales services to the clients all over the market. The company has a tradition of serving its customers through its large network and as such the overall structure is designed in such a manner that it effectively serve its customers in almost all parts of the country. The case study in question provides the insight into the existing affairs that are taking place at the trucking unit of the company at Seattle and indicates about the various difficulties which the plant manager is envisaging in the future to happen. The underlying change that has been discussed in the case is multi-dimensional in nature and requires a very careful review of the affairs of the firm in order to prescribe any policy initiatives which can only be undertaken after issues are sorted out. Further, since any change cannot take place without the considering significant changes in the way HR function of the organization used to work. The change that is implicitly discussed in this case study outlines the need for having a complete revamping of the unit’s overall structure in order to make it more organized and efficient. For this purpose, HR therefore shall be playing the major role of providing necessary support in making this change more visible and effective within the organization.

Employee commitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee commitment - Essay Example Interestingly enough, some of the more recent literature on leadership does reflect at least an implicit recognition of employee commitment in a multidimensional sense. For example, the concepts of developmental leadership and transformational leadership emphasize the importance of employee empowerment, team building, and overall company vision-sharing (Knights and Wilmott, 2007). These approaches all recognize the importance of commitment, as opposed to compliance, as the most effective route to productivity. A simple way to think about these changes is that pressures from both the product market and the labor market are now taken inside the company and brought to bear on individual employees (Knights and Wilmott, 2007). The more traditional employee relationship buffered employees from market forces, the new relationship is mediated much more powerfully by the market. For workers, these developments represent a new psychological contract at work, a new set of implicit expectations between employer and employee. Perhaps the most important part of the traditional psychological contract at work was employee commitment to the organization, which developed in part in return for employer offerings such as job security and other protections from the variability of employment associated with outside markets (D

Concepts of Social Cohesion and Equality in Education

Concepts of Social Cohesion and Equality in Education The Personal is Political: Why do we let this happen? This age old saying indicates that the choices we make, the way we look, the way we act and present ourselves with and to other people, are political and defines our political orientation, as society dictates we have to look a certain way. But Who says so? The Person is Political is a liberal feminism theory, identifying that Personal problems are Political problems, as they are as a result of political systematic oppression. A rallying cry for many feminists in the 60s and 70s, in their underlying message, in writings, readings and consciousness raising. Relating to the theory and resonating with the feminists cry, Marxism removed the focus away from struggling individuals and onto group struggling, ratifying the only way to effect real change is to do so collectively! Concurring with this ideology, Durkheim further cited by Filloux, stated society is bigger than us and shapes our thoughts and actions the collective conscious, mechanical solidarity with sameness and social bonds based on shared morality, uniting members. This essay will look at supported published literature, how it is understood by the leaders of thought in this field, validating and correlating the shared language to describe and defend my own practice in the community of education. How are we faring against social, economic, cultural and political ideologies? Is it just words? It is my belief, fairness and equality for all has still not been achieved and is an ever evolving work in progress. The differences in society are our connections. Our cultural norms are tacit and white privilege is asking us to challenge them daily and understand what is in Our Knapsacks. We as practitioners, do have the power of inertia to intercede between the individual learner and stakeholders to collectively effect real change to ensure a better society for all. Irelands changing demographic over the last 10 years has helped to shape a more socially and culturally diverse society. There is no doubt that Ireland will remain a diverse society and it is important that we celebrate and harness this diversity and ensure that our communities are inclusive. Speech by Minister Stanton Equality Then, Now Future: Creating a more Equal Inclusive Society Key concepts and theories will explain real life practices and demonstrate the obligation to promote a critical analysis of social change and inclusion, in the context of the social, cultural and political frameworks. Critical reflection and ethics within daily practice trigger theories of social change, inclusion, quality and diversity in my role as an educator. A learner who is Dyslexic, Stephanie (not her real name) is the genesis of the case study and consequently support the growth of this essay. In order to understand other cultures, the lived experience of inequality and inclusion, or lack of will be categorised by three levels of the Micro, Meso and Macro. Taking this into consideration, her lived perspective will evaluate the extent to which Adult and Further Education includes marginalized social groups, what should be contained in an inclusive curriculum and the sense of agency to provide a comfortable supportive environment to enable her to deal with societys barriers. Critical factors such as equality form our mind-sets within particular cultures. The particular culture within our families, organisations and government are the markers of difference and operate at different levels in responding to diversity. Possessing an understanding of what is in my knapsack as a practitioner, Peggy McIntosh (McIntosh, 2016) enabled me to check my own assumptions and re-evaluate, Who and what I am and Who and what I am not The Other. Micro level considers the teaching and learning viewpoints at individual levels in Adult and Further Education. Long gone are the days of I Teach, You listen! approaches, the theory of developing intellect and not listening to the learners voice is non-productive. The importance of emotions are fundamental in the development to the functioning of an inclusive democratic society. How can I let my learners see that I truly care about their progression, if I cannot demonstrate empathy? Sharing my journey of Lifelong Learning, in a professional and legitimate manner allowing the language of emotions to be present within the classroom, is crucial in the establishment of trust building of respectful relationships. In addition, concurring with Filloux, practitioners should adopt to a discipline of sociology, providing for successful structures and facilitation of learning, in conducive learning environments. The teacher of the future is thus one who will manage to live out the pedagogical wish of the sociologist.. (Filloux, 1993) During Stephanies Wk1 Day 1, Induction Week on a yearlong Level 5 Office Administration Course, through Icebreaker introductions, Stephanie disclosed she had not been interviewed or applied for the course herself and was not happy about having to attend. As she had not applied for the course her negative attitude could be somewhat understandable. Stephanie had received a phone call from the organisation, the day prior to commencement of the course and instructed to arrive for class the following day at 8.30am. This relaxed day enabled Tuckmans Formation Stage to develop, empowering learners to share experiences, develop relationships and build confidence and self-worth. On Day 2, following reflection of the previous lesson, further discussions unfolded with Stephanie sharing her bad experiences in school to the group. Relationships were emerging, with other learners demonstrating sympathetic responses. Admitting how she struggled with reading, confessing how daily she was publically humiliated by having to read out loud and when she refused to do so, was labelled troublesome. She was regularly called stupid or dumb by both the teachers and peers and often sent to sit outside the headmistresss door, when she became argumentative. In her own admission, she said it was easier to start an argument in the classroom rather than feel useless. Stephanie felt the only person she developed a relationship with, was the School Secretary. She took the time to listen to me! This school secretary had recognised she was different and suggested her best approach to improve her performance in school would be to go to her doctor, and get a psychological assessment con ducted. The school would receive government funding to support learners with additional needs and the school would be in better position to support Stephanie with her studies. As a result of that conversation, Stephanie felt she had personally failed, in addition to the school system failing her, so she dropped out of school, after her Junior Certificate. However, she did go to the doctors who confirmed in a psychological report that Stephanie was Dyslexic. Emile Durkheim suggests Anomie is a lack of moral standards in a society. Unfortunately, it could be argued Stephanies previous experiences of system failure, in 2nd level education, certainly had an impact on her individual belief systems, behaviours and overall perceptions of Further Education (FE), hence shaping her negative attitude and barriers to motivation of learning. In addition to delivering subject matter content, practitioners are also expected to ensure learners are familiarised with the Rules and Regulations of the Institution. Following the 2 days lessons, in a 1:1 session, Stephanie was made aware of the facility to apply for Learner Support, if she felt she had a specific requirement. She produced her psychological report, stating I had come to class armed with it on the first day, but wanted to see if I would fit in with everybody first. To further support her progression through the course, additional support sessions for an hour, twice a week before and / or after class were offered, by myself. Reassurance was given to Stephanie that all strategies and learning experiences would be reflected in her own personal learning style. In addition, Learner Support if approved, would permit an extra 25% additional time to complete all assessments, the support services of a Reader / Scribe would be made available and all papers would be photocopi ed on yellow paper, to assist with reading. Following the meeting an application was submitted to the organisation for Learner Support. Micro Level is hugely important in the awareness to issues, context and sometimes problems that Adult learners experience, to develop learners skills and confidence in their learning with the necessary practices and strategies. Concurrent with Social Justice Ireland, our social role responsibility, as practitioners, leads to the identification of problems and impediments for progression and inclusion, to change and ensure a better, inclusive, nondiscriminatory society for all. Working to build a just society where human rights are respected, human dignity is protected, human development is facilitated and the environment is respected and protected. (Social Justice Ireland, 2009-2016) Meso Level is the organisations approaches to ameliorate policies and practices to support and promote inclusion, by facilitating the necessary support apparatuses. It could be argued, the solution to constructed failure, at Meso Level in Stephanies case at 2nd Level, focussed more on medical treatments, psychological assessments and monetary gain, instead of focussing on the educational solutions and the necessary support apparatuses. Thus, identifying the other so called efforts of supported others as self-centred. Concurring with Fiona OConnor suggestions, there is a severe lack of professional training given to practitioners to manage diversity within classrooms. Furthermore, at Meso Level is it more ubiquitous. Many employees at this level have never experienced the importance of emotions and emotional work within classrooms, as their roles and responsibilities are often administrative. (Number Crunching). In line with current paradigms to social inclusivity there is an institutional racism still in existence. At Macro Level, the lack of an interview for Stephanie prior to the course commencement, highlighted the failure to identify the necessary prerequisites, willingness to learn, commitment to complete such a long course or that she had an intellectual disability and cognitive condition such as Dyslexia, further demonstrates their lack of concern they do not want to be bothered. Practitioners organise the necessary applications, follow up paper work and hiring of Reader / Scribe personne l for a learner who has been approved for Learner Support. All of which is additional duties outside of class time. The organisations approach to addressing fostering and inclusion of inequality and diversity by practices could be questionable. Are they adopting a bums on seats view? Should practitioners be pre advised of the physical, mental and intellectual disabilities of learners in advance of course commencement? Macro Level is the wider structure context of class, gender and race. Legislative and policy frameworks are regularly being reproduced in the roll out of new revised Strategic Plans, underpinning education, equality and promotion of social inclusion in societal change. However, prior to commencement of the course, Stephanie contacted The Department of Social Protection (DSP) to clarify why she had a place on a course, as she had not applied for one. The information received, informed her she was from a marginalised group, on a Long Term Unemployed Register, therefore it was compulsory to complete a course. This was further outlined in written format, and stated that her failure to attend the course could result in deductions from her Social Welfare Payment. DSP enforcement, can be argued as having a negative impact on learners readiness to learn and a barrier to motivate individuals to partake in learning and progression to Adult and Further Education. Disability Acts, Equality Acts and legislative Strategic Plans provide opportunities to collaborate together and ensure that all of our citizens are entitled to lifelong learning (LLL) advocating the central pillar of the European Union (EU) strategy, to create a dynamic and competitive knowledge- based society and economy (NUI Galway, 2011). Is this at a cost to the individual? Where is the freedom of choice? The educational systems in place are clearly strongly integrated into the society. However, in my opinion, it is impossible to expect equality in education in short of progression and advancement towards equality in the social, economic, cultural and political systems. With this in mind, changing education is the catalyst to those revolutions in changing cultural values and opinions. As previously identified, Marxism removed the focus away from struggling individuals and onto group struggling. It is my belief, fairness and equality for all has still not been achieved and is an ever evolving work in progress, ratifying the only way to effect real change is to do so collectively. References Anon., 2016. Education.ie. [Online] Available at: http://www.education.ie/en/Press-Events/Press-Releases/2016-Press-Releases/PR16-11-21.html[Accessed 22 November 2016]. Anon., 2016. Step It Up:Ireland vows gender equality a foreign policy in the push for the Sustainable Development Goal | UN Women. [Online] Available at: http://www.unwomen.org/en/get-involved/step-it-up/commitments/ireland[Accessed 12 December 2016]. Anon., 2016. www.leargas.ie. [Online] Available at: http://www.leargas.ie/resources/[Accessed 2 December 2016]. Camilleri , M. A. Camilleri, A., 2015. Education and social cohesion for economic growth. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 19(5), pp. 617-631. Cullen Owens, R., 2005. A Social History of Women in Ireland, 1870-1970 An Exploration of the Changing Role and Status of Women in Irish Society. Dublin: Gill Macmillan. Electronic Platform for Adult Learning in Europe, 2016. epale.ie. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/epale/en/themes/social-inclusion[Accessed 18 November 2016]. European Commission, 2016. The EU and Irish Women. [Online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ireland/node/684_en#education[Accessed 12 December 2016]. Filloux, J.-C., 1993. EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917). UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, 23(1/2), pp. 303-320. Hearne, L. et al., 2010. The Adult Learner 2010 The Irish Journal of Adul and Community Education. Dublin: AONTAS. McIntosh, P., 2016. White Privilege:Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. Waterford : s.n. NUI Galway, 2011. Lifelong Learning: Contemporary Policy and Practice. Galway: National University of Ireland. OCarroll, E., 2012. Preparing for Training Delivery. In: Train the Trainer. Dublin: Gill Macmillan, pp. 50-67. OConnor, F., 2010. Institutional racism in Irish adult education: fact or fiction?. In: The Adult Learner 2010 The Irish Journal of Adult and Community Education. Dublin : AONTAS, pp. 29-52. Office for the Promotion of Migrant Integration, 2011. Integration.ie. [Online] Available at: http://www.integration.ie/website/omi/omiwebv6.nsf/page/index-en[Accessed 11 November 2016]. OGrady, M., 2015. How Societies Change, Waterford: Dr Maeve OGrady Moodle WIT. OGrady, M., 2016. Education, Equality Social Inclusion, Waterford: Dr Maeve OGrady Moodle WIT. OGrady, M., 2016. The Other in Adult Education, Waterford: Dr Maeve OGrady Moodle WIT. Osler, A., 2015. The stories we tell: exploring narrative in education for justice and equality in multicultural contexts. Multicultural Education Review, 7(1-2), pp. 12-25. Social Justice Ireland, 2009-2016. Social Justice Ireland. [Online] Available at: http://www.socialjustice.ie/content/policy-issues/presentations-oireachtas-committees[Accessed 12 December 2016]. Waterford Area Partnership, 2016. Waterford Area Partnership. [Online] Available at: http://waterfordlife.ie/supporting-communities/social-inclusion/sicap/[Accessed 23 February 2016].

Congenital Cataracts in Children :: Blindness Vision Sight Essays

Congenital Cataracts in Children Cataracts are the primary cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts are the clouding of the lens. The lens is transparent and is important for the focusing of a sharp image on the retina. There are several different types of cataracts. Congenital cataracts are present at birth, and will be the focus of this paper. An eye disease causes secondary cataracts. Traumatic cataracts are caused by an injury. Finally, senile cataracts are caused by old age and are the most common form of cataracts. Cataracts can be unilateral, meaning in one eye or bilateral, in both eyes. Congenital cataracts may be partial affecting part of the lens, or complete affecting the whole lens. If they are partial and not dense enough to interfere with light transmission, congenital cataracts are quite common and often visually insignificant (Vaughan, 1989). Dense central congenital cataracts require surgery. They cause a significant loss visually and must be detected early. A parent usually can not detect these cataracts. The doctor usually detects the cataracts in the newborn nursery immediately after birth. Unilateral infantile cataracts that are central, dense, and larger than 2mm in diameter will cause permanent damage if not treated within the first 2 months of life (Vaughan, 1989). On the other hand, symmetric bilateral cataracts demand less urgent treatment (Vaughan, 1989). The main treatment is surgery, followed by lens replacement / correction, and usually completed with occlusion therapy. The surgery is called phacoemulsification. In this procedure, ultrasound vibrations of up to 40,000 cycles per second are made by a hollow tube-like instrument. It is inserted and the vibrations break up the lens into little pieces. The pieces are then sucked out through the tube (Golstein, 1999). The lens replacement/correction may be done one of two ways. An intraocular lens is a plastic lens inserted where the real lens used to be. Aphakic contact lens correction is using contact lens to improve the images to the retina. I found that an intraocular lens might be a better choice compared to glasses or contact lens because the latter two tend to enlarge the image. The brain can not combine the two images if one of them is enlarged and the other is of normal size (Goldstein, 1999). Finally, I found that most treatments end with occlusion therapy. This therapy is lik e using a patch to cover the bad eye(s). Usually, 6 to 8 hours per day were prescribed.

Debutante

The word Debutante, or Deb, in French, is a word which means a young lady is introduced to the Society. In the Philippines, a Debutante's Ball is very popular, a milestone event and widely celebrated when a young Filipina teenager reaches the age of 18. Normally, a grand party is hosted by the family with huge budget sometimes more expensive than a wedding.One of the traditions and usually the highlight of the Debutante's Ball is the Grand Cotillion Waltz where the Debutante, her Escort and their Court (9 Pairs) will perform a highly -choreographed dance.Part of the tradition is where the Dad takes the 1st dance of the night, usually a waltz dance. A typical practice too is that this dance is a part of the 18 Roses dance.It's when 18 pre-selected men starting with the Debutante's Father will present her with 18 roses as they dance to a very special song. Usually the Debutante picks the dancers, which includes family members, friends, classmate, neighbors, cousin, brothers, her Father and sometimes the boyfriend.Absolutely a must do in a Debutante's Ball, the 18 Candles is when 18 women, beginning with the Debutante's Mother, each present the Debutante a lighted candle symbolizing one year of the Debutante's life. As the candles are presented, the participants often say a word of encouragement and/or birthday wishes.A relatively new practice, where 18 pre-selected guests presents the Debutante a gift that the Debutante shall treasure as she journey into womanhood. Each participant typically announces what is the gift all about and the reason/s why she or he chose that particular gift.We will not miss when the Debutante, after the guests sing together a birthday song, takes the center stage and cut the beautiful and elegant cake then one by one blow all the 18 candles.Also a part of the celebration is when the Debutante, getting ready to party, changed outfit and take the center stage to thank all those who is responsible for putting this party together, as well appreciating the presence of the all the guests. Normally, dancing starts after the Debutante's speech.

How to Write a Good College Essay

How to Write a Good College Essay How to Write a Good College Essay Your admission essay is likely to be one of the most important documents you'll ever write. College essay writing is very important because it is the only way for admissions committee to understand who you are as a personality. The essay is the only part of your application which can be controlled by you. Therefore, take the time to do a good job on it. Your essay must not only demonstrate your grasp of grammar and ability to write, it must also paint a vivid picture of your personality and character. College Essay Writing Tips The first step is to choose a topic of the essay. The purpose of college essay writing is to show the admission committee the real you, explain why you think and act the way you do, and tell what motivates you to perform better. Thus, write about the events that happened in your life, be honest and write how you really feel. Your essay should be read like a short English paper about yourself. Start with a main idea and cite specific evidence to support your statement about yourself. Use a relaxed, conversational style. Avoid jargon and offensive tone in your academic essay. Never begin or end an essay with a quotation, proverb, or other type of sayings. While writing college essay try to be original. There are a lot of essays covering the same college essay topics, but you have a chance to express your own ideas, your points of view that differ you from other's. Try to attract attention of the admission committee to your English essay. It should be vivid and interesting, before writi ng your essay, ask yourself if you would be interested in reading your paper: You need to include specific details about your experiences. Elaborate on one or two of your activities or achievements and try to describe them as the most important events in your life. Your college essay should have a clear beginning, middle, and end. It would be very useful to make an outline. You'll need to rewrite and edit your essay several times before it can be considered final. Keep in mind your essay to someone who can be objective. Writing a successful college admissions essay is not a simple task. You should plan to spend a lot of time writing, reviewing, and editing. Custom College Essay Writing If you do not write how to write a good college essay, you are welcome to ask our writers for assistance. .org offers wide range of essay services and we are able to help students of all academic levels. If you want to receive impressive custom essay meeting all of your requirements and expectations, we are ready to help you! Read also: APA Thesis Term Paper Help Great Term Paper Communism Paper Philosophy Term 250 Words a Page Term Paper

Diets Dont Help to Lose Weight

Diets Dont Help to Lose Weight There’s More to Losing Weight Than Eating Less Change Your Lifestyle! Ask any thin adult on the street if they diet. Go ahead – we’ll wait. †¦ They don’t diet, we told you so. They don’t follow gluten-free diets, diets without bread, or sugar-free diets either. Thin people don’t fast and skip meals and eat like birds. Thin people eat, actually, rather wholesomely and, well, quite a bit. What can help a person lose weight is exercising, eating healthily and mindfully. These are the keys to losing weight – not dieting on the newest celebrity-backed nutrition trends. It comes down to one’s lifestyle, discipline and foresight, and making the right decisions about what their body does, as well as good decisions about what they put in their body. Dieting doesn’t work. Lifestyle changes help lose weight. Exercise a lot! What helps a person, any person, lose weight is exercise – and rigorous exercise. This is jogging or walking briskly for 30 minutes three to five times a week. This is hitting the weight room for an hour three to four times a week. A person needs to move their body because the majority of us life sedentary lives – mostly because of our jobs, which require computers. Rigorous exercise every other day improves one’s metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life; the breakdown of complex substances and the consequent production of energy and waste matter. A person with a strong metabolism is generally thin and can consume a great deal of food – they burn it off quickly, the burn many of the unwanted calories they consume in a given day. That’s why exercise is important: it increases the metabolic rate in a person’s body, which makes losing weight easier and more attainable. Diets don’t he lp lose weight; exercise does. Diets may help some folks lose weight – but you can actually lose weight by eating more. That’s right. Diets like Weight Watchers do more harm than good. They require the dieter to eat pre-packaged food that lacks in nutrition and substance. People don’t need that to be healthy and thin. People, to be healthy and thin, need to eat a well-balanced diet – with lots of greens, fruits and proteins, which is what a person’s body needs to function and person at its optimal level. Moderation is good for losing weight, instead of over-eating to the point of discomfort. Foods like cucumbers, leafy greens and berries provide a person energy, but also contain vitamins and minerals that burn fat – such as B vitamins: niacin – and provide a lot of fiber. Fiber is a dietary material containing substances such as cellulose, lignin, and pectin, that are resistant to the action of digestive enzymes. Foods with fiber keep digestion on track, delivering waste via bowel movements. This, in turn, maintains a person’s waste. People need protein, too. It helps build muscles and also prevents a person from cravings, as the protein takes longer to digest. People, to lead healthy, fit lives, need to exercise and eat nutritiously. Eat Not Less But Mindfully! To lose weight, people must eat mindfully and with a plan. Eating well takes planning – research, grocery lists, discipline, and sacrifice – and it’s not necessarily cheap either. But the majority of fruits and veggies are sold relatively cheap in markets and grocery stores. Though meats are a bit more expensive to purchase in quality. Nonetheless, there are many alternatives to meat as one’s only source of protein. In any rate, a person – for their metabolism to kick in full gear, to burn calories early in the day – should eat a big, wholesome breakfast every day, lots of protein, fruit, and grains; perhaps a snack later, dark chocolate or a piece of fruit. Secondly, a moderate lunch, not as large as breakfast – but still with protein and veggies or fruit, maybe a little bread. For dinner, a French dinner: moderate-sized portions, perhaps more veggies than protein. This basically illustrates a pyramid, with the bottom, the widest port ion representing breakfast. But it takes preparation, foresight, and diligence to eat like this – so you lose maximum weight. In conclusion, don’t diet; it doesn’t work. Lifestyle changes help lose weight. Exercising vigorously each week, eating healthily and mindfully – these are the keys to losing weight. Just look at an Olympic athlete. They don’t diet. They burn thousands of calories training each day – but yet they eat like kings. Thin people don’t live by Kate Moss’s famous quote, â€Å"Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels.†

Critically evaluate the use of non-probability samples in management Essay

Critically evaluate the use of non-probability samples in management research. In what circumstances should non-probability samp - Essay Example A correctly premeditated probability sample, however, offers a reliable means of gathering information. This is in regards to a population without investigating every member or section (Hawkins, 2001). Frequently, researchers are employed under strict time restraints, which make conducting a survey cumbersome. For example, national polling companies frequently must deliver information on the nation's perceptions of recent events or matters. These polling firms have a habit of limiting their national sample magnitudes to roughly 1,500 respondents. When appropriately conducted, a probability model of this magnitude provides trustworthy information. This information is usually believed to have a very small border of error for the entire population. A probability sample inclines to be more problematic and costly to facilitate. Nevertheless, probability samples exist as the only sort of samples where the outcomes can be comprehended. This is usually from the sample to the inhabitants. Add itionally, probability samples permit the researcher to analyse the accuracy of the approximations acquired from the sample and to stipulate the sampling miscalculation. Nonprobability samples, on the other hand, do not tolerate the study's findings to be comprehensive, that is from the sample to the population. ... This type of sample procedure can be used effectively when the management has no access, or the list of departments under study are not stipulated. For example, in situations where there is no list of departments who prefer a certain issue over the other. In situations where the target population is hard to be identified or very specific (for example, executive directors hired by major companies), this type of sampling method is the most appropriate to be used. In the circumstances the sampling base is not necessary, non-probability sampling is the most widely used type of sampling. Moreover, this type of sampling is less expensive when compared to random ones, in addition, it allows the researchers gain the results quicker than random (Olsen, 2005). This is vital in the management industry because time is money. The less time used and the degree of accuracy obtained is what most businesses are usually after. As a result, this sample method is most utilized when the research topic is difficult. On the contrary, as more units are added into the sample arbitrarily, the probabilities of the researchers to access the sample is drastically reduced hence cannot be calculated. This might generate a distorted sample hence disadvantageous to the researcher. Moreover, because of the style of unit sampling from the sample, no guarantee exist to the notion that all the simple units of people have the chance to reach the sample. In general, the benefit of nonprobability sampling is the comfort in which it can be directed. Nonprobability samples have a habit of being less complex and less time consuming when compared to probability samples. As a result, if the researcher has no purpose of simplifying

Implementing a Clinical Practice Change Research Paper

Implementing a Clinical Practice Change - Research Paper Example This factor compels organizational leaders to identify the number and types of clinical workers will be affected by the change. These workers will need additional competition for the work they will commit to while in a changing work environment. The gathered information should allow healthcare organization to educate risks brought about by decisions made by the respective workers (French, et al., 2012). Second, fee-for-service programs affect the implementation process of clinical practice change because it results in additional measures like the supervision of diabetes patients. Third, prospective systems make up another economic factor the places physical risks on the side of the healthcare provider and lower the quantity of care. As a result, the organizations have to consider these systems come up with interventions and policies that mitigate their effect on the clinical practice change.First, legislation that governs particular clinical processes and guidelines have invasive pro tocols important to many healthcare providers. For example, pharmacists have to adhere to laws governing the prescription of medication for particular illnesses and to eligible buyers. Second, legal permission has to be sought to modify the particular clinical practice undergoing change to enable the leading project to continue. Legal permissions allow clinical experts such as midwives to record the number of IUD supplements made, the frequency of applied skills, kinds of health complications, and the consequences for both the mother and infant (Gallagher-Ford, et al., 2011). Third, legislative precedents for accessing current domestic and national databases are necessary for implementing the change in a stipulated clinical practice. This means the legal defenders of healthcare providers may need tailored appraisals and other programs that cover pre and neo-guideline applications and contracts.

Costa Coffee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Costa Coffee - Essay Example This is to ensure it will acquire brand recognition as a true global brand like giant Starbucks but at the same time maintain its brand essence in a highly-competitive premium coffee market that no longer relies on price or differentiation as key success factors. Key industry drivers like the 4 Ms are briefly mentioned in relation to the coffee industry. Management theories and models like the Boston Consulting Group’s market matrix, Gap-needs Analysis and Ansoff’s product-market model are utilized to illustrate some of the key concepts in strategy analysis and formulation. Based on the last model by Ansoff, market development, product development and increased market penetration were thought to be viable alternatives. However, a closer analysis would reveal a branding strategy is the most suitable for a brand like Costa Coffee that is situated in a mature market dominated by only a few big players. This is because a brand is not only a functional concept but also an em otional one with regards to coffee drinkers, who not just drink it but to experience the ambiance as a symbol of affluence, social identity and new lifestyle patterns (Elliott & Percy, 2007:25). There are three coffee house chains competing for preeminence in London and all over the United Kingdom and these are Starbucks, Caffà © Nero and Costa Coffee. There is a smaller Coffee Republic and there are other coffee houses which are not part of a franchise (Edward, Cortinovis, Eggleton, Lee & Hermitage, 2007:110). After several years of very fast growth, the so-called premium coffee market is now in its mature stages. This means new sources of revenue growth has to be found before market share stagnates. A company has to be proactive rather than reactive and there are three possible sources of growth assuming it is alert enough: new opportunities presented by the changing external environment, develop a new strategy by monitoring emerging trends and how

Is there a benefit in bonding amalgam restorations to remaining tooth structure Essay Example for Free

Is there a benefit in bonding amalgam restorations to remaining tooth structure Essay The use of bonded amalgam in restoring the teeth began as early as the 1990’s when a few practitioners began to use certain substances to bond the amalgam restorations directly to the tooth. These practitioners began to bond the amalgam directly to the enamel and/or the dentin. The process of bonding amalgam to the tooth was fairly simple. First, the cavity was prepared and the surface of the cavity was thoroughly cleansed, washed and dried. An etchant was applied to the surface of the cavity, and etching was done for certain period of time. Then, a bonding agent was applied to the surface of the prepared cavity. This bonding agent was chemically cured. After this, amalgam can be condensed into the cavity. The resin can whilst curing, bond the magma to the tooth. A mechanical interlocking between the amalgam and the resin would develop. Such restorations would have a lot of advantages over conventional amalgam restorations. However, the evidence available currently regarding bonded amalgam is rather insufficient, as the results of long-term studies are lacking. Studies for a period of two years following the insertion of bonded amalgam have been conducted, and benefits predicted on a long-term basis needs to be thoroughly tested (Bryant, 1998). The use of bonding agent for dental amalgam was first thought of immediately after composite resins were successfully bonded clinically. One of the most frequently utilized agents for bonding amalgam to the tooth structure is 4-META. This enables bond shear strength of about 10 MPa. On the other hand, if the same agent is utilized to bond composite resins to the tooth structure, a bond strength of about 20 MPa is achieved (Graig, 2002). One of the main reasons why dental researchers began to work on the use of bonded amalgams for clinical use was because the newer restorative material have not been very successful in replacing dental amalgam. During the early days when bonded amalgams were initially tested, researchers were able to notice that bonding helped to provide certain benefits against unbonded amalgams (Zbynek, 2002). Bonded amalgam restorations claim several benefits:- 1. The retention form of a cavity may be improved following use of bonded amalgam (Bryant, 1998). However, some researchers feel that the bond retention offered by bonding amalgam be very less or even negligible. This is because the bonding agent may not adopt in a proper manner to the surface of the cavity or the amalgam (Graig, 2002). 2. There is no much of need to cut the tooth extensively and to prepare several retentive features such as grooves, dove tails, undercuts, etc. 3. As the tooth is prepared conservatively, the resistance form of the tooth is improved. This means that the restoration can tolerate stresses better that could fracture the cusps. The clinical evidence available for this in the form of clinical trials is rather insufficient in this regard (Bryant, 1998). Studies have shown that in a MOD (class VI) cavity prepared with amalgam, the resistance to fracture was more than doubled when a bonding agent was utilized, compared to in situations when a bonding agent was not utilized. The case of the improvement in the facture strengths of bonded amalgam was comparable to that of bonding composite resins. The fracture strength achieved by bonding composites was similar to that of bonding amalgam in case of MOD restorations. However, in both cases, the resistance to fracture was as not as high as that of normal tooth material. The fracture resistance depended on several factors such as the amount of tooth material cut, the width of the proximal box, etc. Studies have shown that as the width of the restoration is increased, the resistance to fracture decreases. Research has also demonstrated that the retention obtained by bonding amalgam for MOD cavities was similar to that of placing pin-retained restorations. Hence, the potential to use bonded amalgam instead of pin-retained restorations could be considered. However, long-term studies in this regard have not been considered (Graig, 2002). Some other situations in which bonded amalgam restorations could be useful include large cavity preparations in posterior teeth (as the extent of the cavity preparation would reduce) and in class V cavities in which the occluso-gingival height is reduced, as the need for pins is eliminated (Zbynek, 2002). 4. As the tooth is cut to a conservative extent, and the need to build several retentive features is reduced, the chances of the patient developing post-operative hypersensitivity are greatly reduced. Besides, the resin bonding agent tends to seal the dentinal tubules and prevent the excessive drying (Zbynek, 2002). However, several other factors plays a very important role in preventing the development of hypersensitivity including the extent to which the amalgam is condensed, excessive drying of the tooth, the experience and the technique utilized by the dental practitioner, etc (Bryant, 1998). 5. Bonding agents help to improve the marginal seal and reduce the microleakage in a dental amalgam restoration. The gap present between the tooth and the amalgam is reduced thus lowering the microleakage (Zbynek, 2002). The fluid flow into the cavity is either abolished to decreased (Graig, 2002). Besides, the dentinal tubules are sealed to a greater extent, which could reduce and prevent damage to the pulp (Bryant, 1998). The microleakage is frequently measured using the dye leakage technique (Cenci, 2004). 6. The bonding strength between the tooth surface and the restoration is increased when an amalgam bonding agent is utilized. Studies have shown that the bond strength that develops when no bonding agent is utilized is about 4 to 8 MPa. However, when a bonding agent is utilized, the bond strength shoots up to about 20 MPa (Graig, 2002). 7. The rate of secondary caries is reduced (due to better marginal integrity and reduced marginal leakage) (Zbynek, 2002).